21Shares Bitcoin ETP (ABTC), launched on February 25, 2019, holds 12,450 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $1.046 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by 21Shares, listed on SIX Swiss Exchange with a 1.49% management fee, and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

3iQ CoinShares Bitcoin ETF (BTCQ), launched on April 19, 2021, holds 21,237 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $1.78 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by 3iQ and CoinShares, listed on TSX with a 1% management fee, and uses Gemini Custody for Bitcoin storage.

3iQ The Bitcoin Fund (QBTC), launched on April 9, 2020, holds 18,750 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $1.575 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by 3iQ Corp, listed on TSX with a 1.95% management fee, and uses Gemini Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Acorn ABTC (aBTC) is a wrapped Bitcoin token on Ethereum, developed by Acorn Network for cross-chain DeFi applications, leveraging a liquidity protocol.

CEO of Blockstream and Hashcash inventor, pioneering Liquid Network, Babylon staking, and Bitcoin’s layered scaling approach.

xBTC is a wrapped Bitcoin token used within the ALEX DeFi platform on the Stacks layer, bridged from native Bitcoin via a custodian.

alloBTC is a wrapped Bitcoin token associated with the Allo Protocol, used for yield optimization on Ethereum or EVM chains.

Alys is a Bitcoin Layer 2 solution focused on DeFi applications, leveraging BitVM for an EVM-compatible execution environment secured by Bitcoin.

Author of 'Mastering Bitcoin,' educating on Bitcoin scaling, upgrades, and holdings with a decentralization focus.

Arch Network is a Bitcoin Layer 2 scaling solution enabling Turing-complete smart contracts on Bitcoin's base layer using ArchVM and a decentralized verifier network with FROST + ROAST signatures. It supports trustless DeFi applications without bridging, preserving Bitcoin's liquidity and security.

Ark is a Bitcoin Layer 2 protocol designed to scale transactions through a shared UTXO model, enabling fast, low-cost, and private off-chain payments. Utilizing virtual UTXOs (vTXOs) and Ark Service Providers (ASPs), Ark simplifies liquidity management by eliminating the need for payment channel setup, unlike the Lightning Network. Recent developments include Virtual Channels for off-chain contracts and Taproot Assets integration, enhancing BTCfi applications. Ark supports trustless, unilateral on-chain redemption, ensuring user control over funds.

ARK 21Shares Bitcoin ETF (ARKB), launched on January 11, 2024, holds 48,360 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $4.06 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by 21Shares US LLC, sponsored by ARK Investment Management, listed on Cboe BZX with a 0.21% management fee, and uses Coinbase Custody Trust for Bitcoin storage.

Ark Liquid combines the Ark Layer 2 protocol with assets on the Liquid Network sidechain, enabling scalable, confidential off-chain payments with Liquid's infrastructure.

BTC.b is native Bitcoin bridged onto the Avalanche C-Chain via the Avalanche Bridge, enabling use in Avalanche’s DeFi ecosystem.

B² Network is a Bitcoin Layer 2 using ZK-Rollup technology with Bitcoin L1 verification, offering EVM compatibility and enhanced scalability.

Babylon Staked BTC refers to Bitcoin staked directly on the Bitcoin blockchain through the Babylon protocol to secure Proof-of-Stake (PoS) networks. This innovative approach allows Bitcoin holders to earn rewards by locking their BTC in a self-custodial manner, without wrapping, bridging, or third-party custody. By enabling PoS chains to leverage Bitcoin's security, Babylon enhances BTC's utility in the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem.

uniBTC is a liquid staked Bitcoin token from Bedrock Universe on Ethereum, enabling BTC staking with liquidity.

BEVM is an EVM-compatible Bitcoin Layer 2 sidechain using Schnorr signatures and MAST from Taproot to manage BTC bridging for smart contracts.

WBTC on BEVM is Wrapped Bitcoin bridged onto the BEVM Layer 2 network, enabling Bitcoin use in EVM-compatible smart contracts.

BIGG Digital Assets Inc. (BIGG), operating subsidiaries like Netcoins, holds 1,017 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $85.4 million at $84,000/BTC. It focuses on crypto trading and forensics, listed on TSX, and has accumulated Bitcoin since March 2018.

BTCB (Binance-Peg Bitcoin) is a wrapped Bitcoin token on BNB Smart Chain, backed 1:1 by Bitcoin reserves held by Binance, enabling DeFi participation.

Bison Labs develops a Bitcoin Layer 2 using sovereign ZK-Rollups, enhancing scalability for DeFi with zero-knowledge proofs.

Bitcoin Group SE (ADE), a German holding company, holds 3,947 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $331.5 million at $84,000/BTC via its subsidiary Bitcoin.de, a regulated crypto marketplace. It is listed on XETRA and has accumulated Bitcoin since June 2017.

Bitfarms Ltd (BITF), founded in 2017, is a global Bitcoin mining company operating 15 data centers across Canada, the US, Paraguay, and Argentina. It holds 1,260 BTC as of February 28, 2025, valued at $105.8 million at $84,000/BTC, with 75% renewable energy usage. Listed on TSX and Nasdaq, it retains mined Bitcoin via its Bitcoin One program since January 2021.

Bitfinity is an EVM-compatible Bitcoin Layer 2 sidechain on the Internet Computer (ICP), enabling faster, cheaper transactions and Ethereum dApps.

Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) is an ERC-20 token on Ethereum, backed 1:1 by Bitcoin, with BitGo as the primary custodian, also bridged to Solana, Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism, and other EVM chains.

Bitlayer is a Bitcoin Layer 2 solution using BitVM, enhancing scalability and enabling complex applications with Bitcoin’s security.

WBTC on Bitlayer is Wrapped Bitcoin bridged onto the Bitlayer Layer 2 network, enabling Bitcoin use in its ecosystem.

Bitwise Bitcoin ETF (BITB), launched on January 11, 2024, holds 37,310 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $3.13 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is listed on NYSE Arca with a 0.20% management fee, donates 10% of profits to open-source development, and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Block, Inc. (SQ), founded in 2009 by Jack Dorsey, is a fintech company integrating Bitcoin into financial services via Cash App and Bitkey. It holds 8,584 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $720.8 million at $84,000/BTC, representing 0.041% of Bitcoin’s supply. Listed on NYSE, it invests 10% of monthly Bitcoin product profits into Bitcoin since October 2020.

BOB (Build on Bitcoin) is a hybrid Layer 2 combining Bitcoin’s security with Ethereum’s EVM compatibility, enabling dApps with Bitcoin settlement.

Botanix Labs’ Spiderchain is a decentralized, EVM-equivalent Bitcoin Layer 2 sidechain using multi-signature wallets managed by distributed participants.

BounceBit is a Layer 1 blockchain secured by staking Bitcoin and its BB token, enabling BTC restaking for CeFi and DeFi yield.

BRC-20 is a token standard using Ordinals inscriptions to create fungible tokens on Bitcoin’s mainnet, scaling tokenization use cases.

Brevan Howard Asset Management, a UK-based hedge fund, holds approximately 1,200 BTC through its BH Digital division, allocated in April 2021. Valued at around $100.8 million as of April 2025, it continues to accumulate Bitcoin, reflecting institutional interest in digital assets.

BTCS Inc. (BTCS), a blockchain technology company, holds 850 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $71.4 million at $84,000/BTC, operating validator nodes. It is listed on Nasdaq and has accumulated Bitcoin since September 2014.

Cashu is a Chaumian e-cash protocol on Bitcoin’s Lightning Network, enabling private, bearer electronic cash tokens backed by federated mints.

Cathedra Bitcoin Inc. (CBIT), a diversified Bitcoin mining company, holds 518 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $43.5 million at $84,000/BTC. It operates in North America with a mixed energy mix, listed on TSX, and has accumulated Bitcoin since August 2021.

stBTC is a liquid staked Bitcoin token from Chakra, a ZK-proof-based restaking protocol, enabling yield while maintaining liquidity.

General Partner at a16z, author of 'Read Write Own,' discussing blockchain scaling and Bitcoin’s Web3 integration.

CI Galaxy Bitcoin ETF (BTCX), launched on March 9, 2021, holds 16,780 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $1.41 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by CI Financial, listed on TSX with a 0.40% management fee, and uses Gemini Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Cipher Mining Inc. (CIFR), a Bitcoin mining company, holds 2,155 BTC as of April 2025, valued at $235.1 million at $109,114.88/BTC. It operates industrial-scale facilities in the US with a mixed energy mix, retaining mined Bitcoin as a treasury asset. Listed on Nasdaq, it began accumulating in August 2021.

Citrea is Bitcoin’s first ZK-Rollup Layer 2, enhancing scalability by verifying state transitions on Bitcoin L1 using BitVM-inspired zero-knowledge proofs. EVM-compatible, it enables smart contracts for DeFi, gaming, and NFTs, leveraging Bitcoin’s security.

CleanSpark Inc. (CLSK), a sustainable Bitcoin mining company, holds 6,591 BTC as of April 2025, valued at $719.3 million at $109,114.88/BTC. It operates with 95% renewable energy in the US, retaining mined Bitcoin as a treasury asset. Listed on Nasdaq, it began accumulating in June 2021.

cbBTC is an ERC-20 wrapped Bitcoin token on Ethereum and Base, backed 1:1 by Bitcoin held by Coinbase, enabling DeFi integrations.

CoinJoin mixes transaction inputs and outputs to obscure links between senders and receivers, enhancing Bitcoin’s fungibility and transaction privacy.

CoinShares Physical Bitcoin ETP (BITC), launched on January 19, 2021, holds 8,320 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $698.9 million at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by CoinShares, listed on SIX Swiss Exchange with a 0.35% management fee, and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Confidential Layer is a proposed cross-chain bridge using ring signatures and stealth addresses to enable private Bitcoin transactions across blockchains.

CoreBTC is Bitcoin bridged onto the Core DAO blockchain, enabling interaction with Core’s EVM-compatible smart contracts and DeFi ecosystem.

Core Scientific (CORZ), a leading Bitcoin mining company, holds 12,345 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $1.037 billion at $84,000/BTC. It operates US data centers with a mixed energy mix, listed on Nasdaq after emerging from bankruptcy in January 2024, and has accumulated Bitcoin since January 2021.

Dandelion++ obfuscates Bitcoin transaction broadcast origins, preventing IP-to-address linking at the network level to enhance user privacy.

CEO of Lightning Labs, driving Lightning Network development since co-authoring its 2015 whitepaper, advocating scalable, private transactions.

Ethereum is a leading blockchain supporting Bitcoin scaling through wrapped BTC tokens like WBTC and cbBTC, enabling fast, low-cost DeFi and dApp integrations on its Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks. Recent upgrades like Pectra and L2 solutions such as Arbitrum and Scroll enhance throughput and user experience.

FediMint is a federated Chaumian e-cash protocol on Bitcoin and Lightning, enabling communities to issue private, scalable e-cash tokens.

Fidelity Wise Origin Bitcoin Fund (FBTC), launched on January 11, 2024, holds 173,680 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $14.59 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by Fidelity, listed on Cboe BZX with a 0.25% management fee, and uses Fidelity Digital Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Franklin Bitcoin ETF (EZBC), launched on January 11, 2024, holds 5,890 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $494.8 million at $84,000/BTC. It is listed on Cboe BZX with a 0.19% management fee and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Galaxy Digital Holdings (GLXY), founded by Michael Novogratz, holds 15,593 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $1.31 billion at $84,000/BTC. It focuses on digital assets and blockchain, listed on TSX, and has accumulated Bitcoin since November 2020.

Bitcoin educator and co-founder of BHB Network, advocating Lightning Network scaling and Bitcoin maximalism, critical of OP_CAT complexity.

Global X 21Shares Bitcoin ETF (EBTC), launched on May 12, 2022, holds 5,210 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $437.6 million at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by Global X, listed on ASX with a 1.25% management fee, and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC), converted to a spot Bitcoin ETF on January 11, 2024, holds 291,260 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $24.47 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by Grayscale Investments, listed on NYSE Arca with a 1.5% management fee, and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Hashdex Bitcoin ETF (DEFI), converted to a spot Bitcoin ETF on March 27, 2024, holds 4,320 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $362.9 million at $84,000/BTC. It is listed on NYSE Arca with a 0.90% management fee and uses BitGo Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Hedgehog is an early-stage Bitcoin Layer 2 proposal using state channels to enable scalable, off-chain transactions.

Hemi is a Bitcoin Layer 2 sidechain with EVM compatibility and Bitcoin L1 finality, providing a platform for DeFi applications.

HIVE Digital Technologies Ltd. (HIVE), a crypto mining company, holds 2,451 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $205.9 million at $84,000/BTC. It operates with 100% renewable energy in Canada, Sweden, and Iceland, retaining mined Bitcoin since September 2017. Listed on TSX and Nasdaq.

Hut 8 Mining Corp (HUT), a major Bitcoin mining company, holds 9,109 BTC as of April 2025, valued at $993.6 million at $109,114.88/BTC. It operates across North America with a mixed energy mix, retaining mined Bitcoin as a treasury asset. Listed on TSX and Nasdaq, it began accumulating in December 2020.

ckBTC (Chain-Key Bitcoin) is Bitcoin on the Internet Computer (ICP) blockchain, enabled by Chain-Key ECDSA for native integration.

Invesco Galaxy Bitcoin ETF (BTCO), launched on January 11, 2024, holds 14,280 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $1.2 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is listed on Cboe BZX with a 0.25% management fee and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT), managed by BlackRock, holds 400,000 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $33.6 billion at $84,000/BTC, the largest spot Bitcoin ETF. It was launched on January 11, 2024, listed on Nasdaq with a 0.25% management fee, and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Jack Mallers is the CEO of Twenty One Capital and founder of Strike, a Bitcoin payment app using the Lightning Network, known for advocating Bitcoin adoption, notably in El Salvador.

KBTC is a wrapped Bitcoin token used within the Kinza Finance lending protocol on BNB Smart Chain, enabling lending and borrowing.

KR1 plc (KR1), a London-based digital asset investor, holds 700 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $58.8 million at $84,000/BTC from staking and blockchain investments. It is listed on AQSE and has accumulated Bitcoin since February 2016.

BTC on LayerBank is Bitcoin bridged into the LayerBank lending protocol on EVM chains like Scroll and Linea, enabling lending activities.

uBTC on LayerBank is a yield-bearing token representing Bitcoin deposits in the LayerBank lending protocol, generating yield on EVM chains.

Libre Chain is a Layer 1 blockchain designed for Bitcoin DeFi, with fast transactions and EVM compatibility, bridging Bitcoin via delegated PoS.

PBTC is Bitcoin bridged onto the Libre Chain via pNetwork, enabling use in Libre’s DeFi ecosystem.

Lightning Network is a decentralized Layer 2 payment protocol on Bitcoin, enabling near-instant, low-fee transactions via bidirectional payment channels.

Lightning Network uses onion routing to hide off-chain payment details, enhancing transaction privacy for Bitcoin users.

L-BTC (Liquid Bitcoin) is Bitcoin on the Liquid Network sidechain, backed 1:1 for fast, confidential transactions.

Liquid Network is a Bitcoin sidechain by Blockstream, enabling faster, confidential transactions and digital asset issuance for traders and exchanges.

LBTC is a liquid staked Bitcoin token from Lombard Finance, providing liquidity for staked Bitcoin assets.

stBTC from Lorenzo Protocol is a liquid staking token for Bitcoin staked via Babylon, usable on Bitcoin Layer 2s.

Luke Dashjr is a Bitcoin Core developer known for his contributions to protocol development, including Segregated Witness (SegWit), and for maintaining the Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs). He is the creator of the OCEAN mining pool and Bitcoin Knots, an enhanced Bitcoin node software. Dashjr is recognized for his conservative views on Bitcoin scaling.

Lumibit is a decentralized Bitcoin Layer 2 network using ZK-Rollups, enhancing scalability and supporting diverse applications.

Macroeconomist and 'Broken Money' author, advocating Bitcoin as a store of value, analyzing scaling, upgrades, and holding impacts.

Mantle Network is an EVM-compatible Layer 2 rollup on Ethereum, enabling Bitcoin scaling through wrapped BTC tokens like Ignition FBTC and PumpBTC. It uses optimistic rollups with a modular architecture, leveraging EigenDA for decentralized data availability to achieve high throughput, low-cost transactions, and seamless DeFi integration.

Marathon Digital Holdings (MARA), a leading Bitcoin mining company, holds 48,237 BTC as of April 2025, valued at $5.26 billion at $109,114.88/BTC. It operates large-scale facilities in the US, using a mixed energy mix, and retains most mined Bitcoin as a treasury asset. Listed on Nasdaq, it began accumulating Bitcoin in January 2021.

Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual), a major US insurer, holds 1,837 BTC as a treasury asset, purchased in December 2020 via NYDIG for its general investment account. Valued at approximately $154.3 million as of April 2025.

Co-founder and CEO of Arch Network, a Bitcoin Layer 2 scaling solution. A long-time Bitcoin enthusiast, Mudano has over a decade of experience in Bitcoin mining and trading, driving Arch Network's mission to enable smart contracts on Bitcoin's base layer for trustless DeFi applications.

Mercury Layer is a Layer 2 statechain protocol for Bitcoin, enabling private, scalable off-chain BTC transfers via semi-trusted Statechain Entities.

Merlin Chain is an EVM-compatible Bitcoin Layer 2 with ZK-Rollup technology, decentralized oracles, and on-chain BTC fraud proofs, empowering native assets.

MBTC is Bitcoin bridged onto the Merlin Chain Layer 2 network, enabling use in its EVM-compatible ecosystem.

Metaplanet Inc. (3350), a Japanese public company, holds 7,800 BTC as of May 19, 2025, valued at $655.2 million at $84,000/BTC, making it Asia’s largest public Bitcoin holder. It adopted Bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset in April 2024 to hedge against yen depreciation, targeting 10,000 BTC by end-2025 via bonds, equity financing, and options trading. Listed on TSE.

Mezo is a Bitcoin Layer 2 sidechain by Thesis, using Proof-of-HODL consensus and trust-minimized BTC bridges to secure the network and earn yield.

Executive Chairman and co-founder of Strategy (formerly MicroStrategy), a prominent advocate for Bitcoin adoption in corporate treasuries. Under his leadership, Strategy has accumulated over 555,000 BTC, making it the largest corporate holder of Bitcoin. Saylor is known for his influential voice in the Bitcoin community, with over 4.3 million followers on X.

MicroStrategy (MSTR), founded in 1989 by Michael Saylor, is a business intelligence firm and the largest corporate Bitcoin holder, with 576,000 BTC as of April 30, 2025. Tracked by nipiQ, its holdings, valued at $48.4 billion at $84,000/BTC, represent 2.7429% of Bitcoin’s supply. Listed on Nasdaq, it has accumulated Bitcoin since August 2020 using debt financing, equity offerings, and excess cash to hedge against fiat currency debasement.

Monochrome Bitcoin ETF (IBTC), Australia’s first spot Bitcoin ETF launched on June 4, 2024, holds 1,500 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $126 million at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by Monochrome Asset Management, listed on ASX with a 0.98% management fee, and uses Gemini Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Nakamoto Holdings Inc. (KDLY), founded by David Bailey, is a public company focused on accumulating Bitcoin as a treasury asset. It holds 8,500 BTC as of May 13, 2025, valued at $714 million at $84,000/BTC, after merging with KindlyMD in May 2025 and raising $710 million. Listed on Nasdaq, it integrates Bitcoin into global capital markets via equity, debt, and hybrid instruments.

Cryptography pioneer who coined 'smart contracts,' discussing Bitcoin’s role in scaling, variants, and economic security.

Nomic is a Layer 1 blockchain using Cosmos SDK, functioning as a non-custodial Bitcoin bridge, enabling BTC transfers to Cosmos chains as nBTC.

nBTC is Bitcoin bridged via the Nomic Layer 1 blockchain, enabling IBC-compatible use in the Cosmos ecosystem.

SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT (OP_APO), proposed in BIP-118, modifies Bitcoin’s signature hashing to allow inputs to commit to scriptPubKey without specific UTXO, enabling efficient off-chain protocols like eltoo. It’s been tested on signet since 2022, with active community discussion for Lightning Network enhancements.

OP_CAT, proposed in BIP-347 and activated on signet in 2024, re-enables concatenation of stack elements in Bitcoin Script, previously disabled by Satoshi Nakamoto. It supports complex smart contracts, covenants, and trustless bridges, with significant on-chain usage (74K transactions).

OP_CHECKSIGFROMSTACK (OP_CSFS), proposed in BIP-348 in November 2024, verifies signatures against stack-provided public keys and arbitrary messages, enhancing script flexibility for dynamic transactions and covenants. Actively discussed for vault and oracle use cases.

OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY (OP_CTV), proposed in BIP-119, is a covenant opcode enforcing transaction structure constraints, enabling payment channels, vaults, and congestion control. Actively discussed since 2020, it’s tested on signet with growing developer support for activation.

OP_TXHASH, a proposed opcode, enables flexible transaction introspection by hashing specific transaction fields, supporting covenants and smart contracts. Actively discussed as an alternative to OP_CTV and OP_CSFS for generalized scripting.

OP_VAULT, proposed in BIP-345, introduces specialized opcodes (OP_VAULT, OP_VAULT_RECOVER) for secure custody vaults, allowing delayed spending with recovery paths. Combined with OP_CTV, it enhances vault functionality and is actively discussed for activation.

Ordinals, launched in 2023, enable NFT-like inscriptions on Bitcoin’s mainnet by embedding data in transaction witnesses, scaling use cases for digital artifacts.

Bitcoin Core developer known for Replace-by-Fee and timewarp fixes, discussing upgrades and scaling conservatively.

Bitcoin Core developer and co-author of Taproot (BIP 340-342), contributing to upgrades enabling modern Layer 2 solutions like Lightning and BitVM.

Anonymous creator of the Stock-to-Flow model, analyzing Bitcoin’s price trajectory and ecosystem trends.

WBTC on Polygon is Wrapped Bitcoin bridged to the Polygon Layer 2 network, enabling low-fee Bitcoin use in DeFi applications.

yBTC is a yield-bearing Bitcoin token from pStake Finance, representing Bitcoin deposited into yield-generating strategies.

PumpBTC is a liquid staking derivative on the Babylon protocol, enabling Bitcoin holders to stake BTC across BNB Smart Chain, Ethereum, Mantle, Arbitrum, and Base, receiving yield-bearing PUMPBTC tokens for DeFi applications. Backed 1:1 by staked Bitcoin, it leverages centralized custodians like Cobo MPC and Coincover for security and supports seamless cross-chain operations.

QR Asset Management Bitcoin ETF (QBTC11), Latin America’s first Bitcoin ETF launched on June 23, 2021, holds 3,500 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $294 million at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by QR Capital, listed on B3 with a 0.75% management fee, and uses Gemini Custody for Bitcoin storage.

Remixpoint Inc. (3825), via its BITPoint Japan subsidiary, holds 1,000 BTC as of December 31, 2024, valued at $84 million at $84,000/BTC for its crypto exchange operations. It is listed on TSE and has accumulated Bitcoin since August 2016.

RGB is a smart contract system for Bitcoin and Lightning Network, using client-side validation for scalable, private off-chain transactions.

RIF provides decentralized infrastructure protocols and services on the Rootstock (RSK) sidechain, enabling dApp development with Bitcoin security.

Riot Platforms, Inc. (RIOT), a Bitcoin mining company, holds 10,112 BTC as of April 2025, valued at $1.1 billion at $109,114.88/BTC. It operates large-scale facilities in Texas with a mixed energy mix, retaining mined Bitcoin as a treasury asset. Listed on Nasdaq, it began accumulating in March 2021.

Robin Linus is a Bitcoin researcher and developer known for his work on BitVM, a method to enhance Bitcoin's programmability, and ZeroSync, a STARK proof system for verifying Bitcoin's chain state. He is a Ph.D. student at Stanford University and a core contributor at ZeroSync Association, focusing on improving Bitcoin's scalability, privacy, and usability.

Rollux is an EVM-compatible Optimistic Rollup Layer 2 by Syscoin, benefiting from Syscoin’s Bitcoin merge-mined Layer 1.

Rootstock (RSK) is a Bitcoin sidechain enabling EVM-compatible smart contracts, secured by Bitcoin’s hash power through merge-mining and a 2-way Powpeg.

RBTC (Rootstock BTC) is Bitcoin on the Rootstock (RSK) sidechain, pegged 1:1 via a federated Powpeg for smart contract use.

Runes, introduced in 2024, is a protocol for issuing fungible tokens on Bitcoin’s mainnet using UTXO-based inscriptions, simplifying token creation.

Author of 'The Bitcoin Standard,' focusing on Bitcoin’s monetary fundamentals, scaling, and upgrade benefits.

CSO of Blockstream and CEO of JAN3, promoting Bitcoin nation-state adoption, Liquid scaling, and maximalist principles.

SatoshiVM is a decentralized Bitcoin ZK-Rollup Layer 2 compatible with EVM, using native BTC as gas.

Schnorr Signatures, activated with Taproot in November 2021, enhance Bitcoin’s efficiency and privacy by enabling signature aggregation and complex scripts.

SegWit, activated in August 2017, restructures Bitcoin transaction data to increase block capacity, fix transaction malleability, and enable Layer 2 solutions like Lightning.

Semler Scientific, Inc. (SMLR), a medical technology company, adopted Bitcoin as its primary treasury reserve asset in May 2024, holding 1,058 BTC as of April 2025, valued at $115.4 million at $109,114.88/BTC. It is listed on Nasdaq and continues to accumulate Bitcoin.

SkyBridge Capital, founded by Anthony Scaramucci, manages the SkyBridge Bitcoin Fund L.P., holding approximately 5,289 BTC since December 2020. Its Bitcoin treasury is valued at $444.3 million as of April 2025, with no recent disclosures of corporate holdings beyond fund assets.

Solana is a high-performance blockchain supporting Bitcoin scaling through wrapped BTC tokens, enabling fast, low-cost DeFi and dApp integrations.

tBTC on Solana is a decentralized Bitcoin token bridged via Threshold Network, used for cross-chain DeFi applications.

WBTC on Solana is Wrapped Bitcoin bridged to the Solana blockchain via Wormhole, enabling Bitcoin use in Solana’s DeFi ecosystem.

Soluna Holdings (SLNH), a US-based Bitcoin mining company, operates renewable energy-powered data centers. It holds 1,200 BTC as of December 2024, valued at $130.9 million at $109,114.88/BTC, and is listed on Nasdaq, accumulating Bitcoin since April 2021.

SolvBTC is a yield-bearing Bitcoin token from Solv Protocol, generating yield via CeFi arbitrage, DeFi lending, and staking.

SolvBTC.BBN is a yield-bearing SolvBTC token integrated with Babylon staking, offering BTC staking rewards with liquidity.

SolvBTC.ENA is a yield-bearing SolvBTC token integrated with Ethena Labs’ USDe, offering yield from delta-neutral trading.

Sonic is a Bitcoin Layer 2 using rollups, aimed at enhancing scalability for applications like gaming within the Bitcoin ecosystem.

Stacks is a Bitcoin Layer 2 enabling smart contracts and dApps, secured by Bitcoin’s Proof-of-Work via Proof-of-Transfer (PoX) consensus. The recent Nakamoto upgrade has introduced trustless sBTC peg-out and improved security against chain reorganizations.

sBTC is a decentralized Bitcoin token on the Stacks layer, enabling trustless BTC movement for smart contracts, secured by Stacks’ consensus.

Taproot, activated in November 2021, introduces Schnorr signatures, P2TR outputs, and Tapscript, enhancing Bitcoin’s privacy, efficiency, and smart contract capabilities.

Taproot, activated in 2021, enables script hiding and signature aggregation, making complex Bitcoin transactions indistinguishable and enhancing privacy.

TeraWulf Inc (WULF), a US-based Bitcoin mining company, operates zero-carbon facilities powered by nuclear and hydroelectric energy. It holds 372 BTC as of March 31, 2025, valued at $40.6 million at $109,114.88/BTC, and is listed on Nasdaq, accumulating Bitcoin since December 2021.

Tesla, Inc. (TSLA), an electric vehicle manufacturer, purchased $1.5 billion in Bitcoin (43,200 BTC) in February 2021, holding 11,509 BTC as of April 2025, valued at $1.26 billion at $109,114.88/BTC. It retains Bitcoin as a treasury asset despite selling 75% of its holdings in 2022. Listed on Nasdaq, it supports Bitcoin payments selectively.

tBTC v2 is a decentralized Bitcoin token on Ethereum, Solana, Arbitrum, Optimism, and Polygon, backed 1:1 by Bitcoin, secured by Threshold Network stakers.

Taproot Leaf Update Verify (TLUV), an experimental opcode proposal, allows dynamic modification of Taproot script trees, enabling advanced covenants and fraud-proof smart contracts. Under active discussion for flexible scripting.

BTCTRON is a TRC-20 Bitcoin token on the Tron network, bridged via centralized or cross-chain mechanisms for use in Tron’s ecosystem.

Tuna Chain is a hybrid Bitcoin Layer 2 combining ZK-Rollup and Optimistic Rollup elements, focusing on fast, low-cost DeFi applications.

Twenty One Capital (XXI), a Bitcoin-native investment fund backed by Tether, SoftBank, and Cantor Fitzgerald, holds 36,312 BTC as of May 2025, valued at $4.0 billion at $109,114.88/BTC. Launched on April 23, 2025, via SPAC merger, it is listed on Nasdaq and focuses on Bitcoin accumulation for investor exposure.

Valkyrie Bitcoin Fund (BRRR), a spot Bitcoin ETF launched on January 11, 2024, holds 6,554 BTC as of May 2025, valued at $714.8 million at $109,114.88/BTC. Listed on Nasdaq with a 0.25% management fee, it uses Coinbase Custody and BitGo for Bitcoin storage.

Valour Bitcoin ETP (VALBTC), launched on December 2, 2020, holds 3,250 BTC as of May 2025, valued at $354.6 million at $109,114.88/BTC. Managed by Valour, it is listed on Spotlight Stock Market with a 1.90% management fee and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

VanEck Bitcoin Trust (HODL), launched on January 11, 2024, holds 12,860 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $1.08 billion at $84,000/BTC. It is listed on Cboe BZX with a 0.25% management fee and uses Gemini Custody for Bitcoin storage.

On-chain analyst and Woobull charts creator, analyzing Bitcoin trends, scaling impacts, and adoption metrics.

WisdomTree Bitcoin ETP (BTCW), launched on March 9, 2021, holds 6,780 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $569.5 million at $84,000/BTC. It is managed by WisdomTree, listed on SIX Swiss Exchange and XETRA with a 0.95% management fee, and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

WisdomTree Bitcoin Fund (BTCW), launched on January 11, 2024, holds 6,720 BTC as of April 30, 2025, valued at $564.5 million at $84,000/BTC. It is listed on Cboe BZX with a 0.30% management fee and uses Coinbase Custody for Bitcoin storage.

ABTC is a wrapped Bitcoin token bridged via the XLink protocol by BitcoinOS, enabling BTC movement to Ethereum and other chains.

ZeroSync uses zero-knowledge proofs to compress blockchain data, reducing metadata exposure and improving privacy for Bitcoin node synchronization.

Zulu Network is a two-layered Bitcoin Layer 2 sidechain; ZuluPrime is EVM-compatible using BitVM, and ZuluNexus integrates UTXO-based chains.